Losses Of Transformer

                                                 Losses Of Transformer

The amount of energy received from the supply of a transformer All most can not move a load. Some of that heat energy is created out of the cores and coil. The power transformer is wasted.

Transformer loss is -

. Core loss.

. Copper loss.

The core loss of the type such as -

.  Hysteriasis loss.

. Eddy Current waste.

Many of the ideas that the transformer is no mechanical friction and the loss or misuse is not Windows?

Because of the transformer is not a rotation or running parts. Movement or rotation, so that no mechanical transformer loss or friction, and Windows is not wasted. Current waste and loss of Eddy just Hysteriasis loss or resistances copper cores are wasted.

What is the Transformer Hysteriasis loss  ?

Transformer primary and secondary Coils mutual flux is that the AC type. The cycles of the cores in a Hysteriasis flux loop proportional loss of power. Change the direction of the magnetic circuit of the core flux  demagnetizing the direction is changed, the change in magnetic molecules and inter-molecular friction attraction  heated the core of this waste.

Loss core material cores hystersis pharmabiliti, ritenatibhiti, and Frequency depends on the density of cores flux. Silicon steel is very weak hysteriasis the loop to keep a low loss silicon steel core than transformer hysteriasis used.  such as -

Low - carbon steel, nickel Iron, cobalt Iron, cobalt Iron nickel.

712 × 471 - Basic Transformer. TOPIC 2:Losses (Most significant losses). 1. Copper ...

What is the Eddy Current transformer Loss  ?

AC type transformer core and the cores Eddy mutual flux E.M.F. Is created. Eddy e.m.f.- The effect of this type cores circulating current or Eddy Current is the current flow is heated by the energy dissipation occurs in the cores.

Eddy Current transformer cores Loss area, lamination thickness, flux Supply Frequency and density dependent. Eddy Current transformer cores to reduce Loss striking the thin sheet is created and given to each of the falling insulation varnish.

Transformer how to reduce waste?

The density of the core area of ​​the (βm) transformer flux of Low, high pharmabiliti silicon steel with high susceptibility thin wall falling down to the core. All sheets  between cores insulation with varnish to reduce core and coil resistance Loss can be reduced less than the copper.

200 × 200 - copper losses in a transformer. atransformer operates on the principal of ...

For example of mathematics

1. A 20KVA 1200/120 V 50Hz transformer full-load copper loss and copper loss is 720 W when determining the tax load

1. 10 KVA

2. 5KVA

3. 15 KVA

4. 10KW and p.f. 0.8.

1. Psc = 720 (10/20) ² = 180 W.

2. Psc = 720 (5/20) ² = 45 W.

3. Psc = 720 (15/20) ² = 405 W.

4. Output = 10 / 0.8 = 12.5 KVA.

                   So that,

        Psc = 720 (12.5 / 20) ² = 281.25 W.

E.M.F Equation of Transformers.

The voltage generated with a coil screw of Equation transformers Coil, Supply Frequency and relationships of the so mutual flux transformers E.M.F. equation.

Equation is - E = 4.44ƒNΦm Volts.

When,

E = coils generated voltage.

ƒ = Supply Frequency

N = number of screw coil.

Weber Flux of mutual Φm = coil units.

However, the AC voltage applied transformer primary Coil sinusoidal. The results mutual Flux, Ep secondary voltage generated primary coil. coils generates AC voltage Es sinusoidal.

Generates an average voltage

Eav = N × Φm ÷ t Volts.

When,

N = number of screw coils.

Weber flux of mutual Φm = coil units.

t = time in seconds flux change

There sinusoidal Φm AC,

If, Φm gero points   be up to the maximum for the second time when 1/4ƒ

ƒ = Supply Frequency.

Therefore, transformer coil

 Eav = N × Φm ÷ t Volts

Again, Eeƒƒ / Eave = 1.11

This equation is a simple equation, and both primary and secondary coil is applied.

 The

         Ep = 4.44ƒNp Φm Volts ..............

             Es = 4.44ƒNs Φm Volts ...............

When,

Np = number of primary coil screw.

Ns = secondary coil of the screw.

Transformers coil voltage value of the screw, and mutual flux Frequency depends on the supply.

For example of mathematics : -

 1. A 50Hz transformer primary voltage of the screw 300 and 5000, determining the tax –

a. Mutual flux Φm.

b. If the 230 V secondary voltage of the secondary screw.

Are,

ƒ = 50Hz has been invoked

Np = 5000 Qm =?

Ep = 2300 Volt Ns =?

Es = 230 Volt

A. Ep = 4.44 ƒNpΦ

Φ = Ep / 4.44ƒNp

   = 2300/4.44 × 50 × 5000

= 2.09 mweb. Ans.

B. Es = 4.44 ƒNsΦ

Ns = Es / 4.44ƒΦ

 = 230 / 4.44 × 50 × 2.09mweb

= 500 Ans.

2. 50KVA, 11KV/230V, 50c / s Transformer 5000 primary turn there. Cores transverse area of ​​85cm ² What is the maximum flux density?

Are,

Rating = 50KVA

Ep = 11KV = 11000 V

Es = 230 V

Acore = 85 Cm ² 

Ep = 4.44 ƒNpΦm

Φm = Ep / 4.44ƒNp

βm = Φm / Acore

 = Ep / 4.44 ƒNpAcore

= 11000 / 4.44 × 50 × 5000 × 85 web / cm ²

= 0.000117 web / cm ²

= 0.11 M web / cm ² Ans.

Electrical Ac Machine (part)-1: Working Principles and Construction of Transformer

A static electrical device or circuit that transformer circuit electric power transfer from the other. Frequency of supply remains unchanged in the move, but the amount of change in voltage and electrical outlets.

Both primary and secondary coil are connected to each other transformers area magnetic. That one circuit to another by electro- magnetic Induction circuit energy transfer occurs. Energy transfer occurs only in one circuit to another  transformers circuits, but does not convert to energy.

Generally, each connected by two  magnetic flux transformers mutual   Induction of work. transformer are reluctance with a low burr of the common magnetic circuit are electrically inductance circuit are isolated from each other.

Implicate a common magnetic coil has two people circuit mutual  inductance too. Which is a common transformer . AC voltage to a coil associated with the two coils coil one the AC current to flow. The AC current magnetic circuit flux makes  which is connected to both, and both coil, coils electrical voltage generated by the magnetic field. The first coil (supply attached) voltage resistance and current flow and the secondary coil voltage of the voltage source to a load of work.

If the DC supply is also a transformer, the transformer primary and the secondary coil is connected to two magnetic field are inductive  resistance coil with very little. If the DC supply only or supply transformer switch on and off transients voltage to be generated. Voltage will be generated at any other time. If the DC supply voltage will not damage the primary coil.

transformer categorize all talk?

Structurally transformer four types, namely: -

1. Core type transformer.

2. Shell type transformer

3. Ribbon type transformer.

4. Spiral core transformer.

Primary and secondary coil to the relations of the two types of transformer -

1. Conventional transformer.

2. Auto transformer.

Primary and secondary voltage ratio of the two types of transformer -

1. Step up transformer.

2. step down transformer.

Supply system of the two types -

. Single phase transformer.

. Three phase transformer.

Services or performance of the three types of transformer -

1. Power transformer.

2. Distribution transformer.

3. Instrument transformer.

transformer three types of installation -

. Indoor type transformer.

. Outdoor type transformer.

. Pole mounted transformer.

Frequency of working transformer two types -

. Audio frequency transformer.

. Radio frequency transformer.

transformer two types of instrument -

1. Current transformer.

2. Potential transformer.

Also useful are several types of special transformer -

1. Constant current transformer.

2. High leakage transformer.

3. Welding transformer.

4. Polarized transformer.

5. Teaser transformer.

 Transformer is a variety of names: -

Transformer and other instruments, including the large size of the power distribution Transformer 

Transformer All the basic elements -

1. The core 2.Coil or winding 3. Insulation .

With large transformers with fittings -

1 The transformer tank. Busing 3. conservator 4. Breather 5. tape changer 6. Explosion bend7. Terminal box.

Voltage Regulation And Efficiency of Short Transmission Line

Introduction:-Transmission lines and conductance  very short because it is ignored capacitance shunt. Other series have Regis and inductance  calculation line is treated as a major factor.

Send and receive short end of the line can be seen in the same amount of current flow. So here it is, is that the parameters R and L s no one here, stacked line (lumped) state.

Short length of the line performance test (performance test) in the voltage regulation and efficiency of transport was the most important.

Classification of overhead transmission line:

Transmission line three constant R, L and C lines along the entire length of the trance line     wide. R,L,C Series  impedance the other two lines in the shunt path (shunt path) formed. Calculation of the Transmission line effects capacitance so that is another complication. Based on the Transmission line is divided into three sections, namely: -

 1. Short length of the Transmission Line

 2. Medium or medium Transmission Line

 3. Long or Long Transmission Line.

Short Transmission Line:

When the line length of 50 km And line voltage between 20 Kv Below is a short line of the Transmission Line is considered. Short length of the line voltage is low because it was not responding capacitance. Short Transmission Line and inductance calculation resistance  only are taken into account. This line of constant (constant) s along the entire length of the uniform is not detailed here, but no one stacked (lumped) are considered.

Medium Transmission Line:

When the line length of 50 - 150 km. And the voltage of 20-100 kv bottom line is, when the line is considered as a Medium Transmission Line. The length of the line voltage is high because capacitance response. Along the entire length of the line expanded balance capacitance. capacitance line predominates, but for the benefit of one or more of the Calculation shunt condenser  middle points  as is.

Long Transmission Line:

When the line length of 150 km. The above and the line voltage > 100 kv, and then the line is considered as a Long Transmission Line. The names of one or more lines of constant throughout the line, but the point is not middle points as stance line split is considered and rigorous method is applied to solution .

Equation to calculation the voltage regulation of short overhead transmission line:

Transmission line is when the current flow, the drop in the transmission line cable reactance , resistance and end voltage Vr is less than the voltage Vs for the receiving end. Receiving end voltage Vr of the percentage of the amount of voltage drop (ie, Vs-Vr) is the voltage of the Regulation. Thus, Voltage regulation is defined as the percentage rise in receiving end voltage when full load is thrown off, the sending end voltage remaining the same.

% V R = Vs - Vr / Vr × 100

Solved Problem on Voltage regulation and efficiency of overhead short transmission line:-

1. Industry ones 3-Ø, 11 Kv 0.8 lagging power factor load line to receive the 1.2 MW.  2.5 Ω to 3.5 Ω reactance or resistance cable conductor and Voltage Regulation of Transmission of determining the percentage of tax.

Ans:-

3 - Ø line Vr (line) = 11kv

Vr / ph = 11000 / √ 3 = 6350.85v

Pr = 1.2 MW = 1.2 × 1000000W

Cosθr = 0.8 lagging

Θr = cos-¹ 0.8 = 36.86

R / ph = 2.5 Ω or XL / ph = 3.5Ω

Z / ph = 2.5 + j 3.5 = 4.3 <54.46

% Age Voltage regulation =?

Transmission affiance η =?

We know that,

Vr / ph reference vector

= 6350.85 <0 ̊ V

Ir = Pr / √ 3 Vr cos Ø

 = 1.2 × 1000000 / √ 3 × 1000 × 0.8

= 78.73 A

Ir = 78.73 <-36.86 ̊ A       w. r. t. Vr

 voltage drops(ph)

Ir Z / ph = 78.73 ˂ -36.86 ̊ × 4.3 ˂ 54.46 ̊

             = 338.53 ˂ 17.6 ̊ = 322.7 + j 102.36 V

Now,

Vs / ph = Vr / ph + Ir Z / ph

            = 6350.85 + 322.7 + j 102.36

            = 6673.55 + j 102.36

            = 6674.33 ˂ 0.87 ̊ V

Or

 Vs line = √ 3 × 6674.33 = 11560.28 V = 11.56 kV

% Age Voltage regulation = Vs - Vr / Vr × 100

                                         = 11.56 - 11/11 × 100

                                         = 5.09%

Line loss = 3I ² R

                = 3 × (78.73) ² × 2.5

                = 46488 W

                = Transmission line of sending power = receiving power + line loss

     Ps = Pr + 3I ² R

             = 1.2 × 1000000 × 46488 = 1.25 × 1000000 W

Transmission affiance η = Pr / Ps × 100

                                        = 1.2 × 1000000 / 1.25 × 1000000 × 100

                                         = 96.27% (Ans.)

Others Question & Answer: -

1. What a load of regulations is positive?

 Answer: - unity lagging power factor and load regulation are positive.

2. When negative voltage is Regulation?

Answer: - When the line is connected to capacitive load, the load p.f. Leading Edge is waiting to receive and transmit high voltage side can be found. The voltage regulation is negative.

Skin Effect & Proximity effect of Transmission Line

Skin Effect:-Overhead line carrying the entire cross section across the current fairly constant during calculation have been separated is taken. During the direct current. The easy Conductor surface is always higher than the current trend of systems density be. Alternating  current induction of  outlets, this is called the skin effect. Resistance conductor due to skin effect and increase contrast reduce reactance. Of Electrical balancing   line is loss .

Skin effect and it explanation: - A conductor steady Direct Current (steady d.c.) when the flow is balanced across the broad cross section of the conductor. But if current conductor alternating all sure  opened  not have central conductor surface. The skin effect is  alternating outlets. This means that (The tendency of alternating current to concentrate near the surface of a conductor is known as skin effect ).In particular, that all depends on: -

A. Conductive materials: - conductor skin effect depends on the physical criteria.

B. Wire diameter - the diameter increases with the increase in skin effect.

C. Frequency: - higher than the level of Frequency skin effects.

D. Wire size: - Solid conductor wire for the skin effect is less stranded.

The wire diameter <1 cm, and Frequency <50 Hz when the skin effect is negligible. Ways to reduce the skin effect: -. Conductor  reduced diameter.. Non-magnetic material, copper is used instead of the Aluminum. The shape of hollow cylinders or barrels to the conductor.. Stranded the conductor .

Proximity effect: - Proximity Effect of a line of skin-like effects of unequal current distribution across the wire cross section is due to occur. Skin effects are asleep, the cable is not near any other conductor. But if both of the two parallel conductive wire that is in the Magnetic flux between. The effect of remote half-side  flux half-side than wait in line. If the reverse current is untapped, it increases both wire near the currant density. On the other hand, if the remote parts of the current density unidirectional current increases. Such an event (phenomenon) of the Proximity Effect. That depends on: -

A. Material conductor.

B. Conductor diameter.

C. Frequency

D. Conductor structure (stranded / Solid).

E. Pharmability etc.

If a line parallel to increase the frequency and Pharmability it emerged in the Proximity Effect. 

Conductor spacing, and for increasing its use of the Proximity Effect stranded reduce and eliminate currant.

International system of Power Developments: Phenomenon of Corona

International system of Power Developments: Phenomenon of Corona: Phenomenon of Corona :-Electrical Transmission overhead line provides one of the most important property, which is a specific line voltag...

Phenomenon of Corona

Phenomenon of Corona:-Electrical Transmission overhead line provides one of the most important property, which is a specific line voltage reveres occur. Transmission efficiency and therefore provides a degree of power in the Loss decreased. Moreover, because the line to get his prey  life span can be much reduced. And bodies created  by the induced current harmonics  line charging current increases and the nearest line of the unwanted noise is telecommunication . Also If the line is dirty or rough weather - rainy when the bodies of thousands of adverse effects. in line due to the need to design the appropriate safety  system, which provides line protection from the harmful effects can be.
What is the Corona of overhead transmission line: - two conductor (whose spacing is more than the diameter) of the AC supply to fill Ararat will gradually increase to a level that, when the voltage exceeds a certain limit. It's Critical disruptive voltage. The air around conductors ionized and Conductors  hissing noise  around a dim to be seen violet Glow Discharge. Discharge of the bodies. or (the phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and production of ozone gas in an overhead transmission line is known as corona.)
the makes a bodies due to bad weight gases (ozone), the Los Angeles and the origin of the radio interference .
They are less than the amount of voltage increase. The applied voltage can be increased if the

.          break-down an upgrade, then air insulation, the break in the hot blazing Conductors occurred over the Flash.
Effects of Corona: -
i. Conductor all side  Purple - Glow (violet glow) is observed.
ii. This hissing sound (hissing noise) generated by.
iii. Provides a certain amount of power is wasted. Which can be measured using  meters. The transmission efficiency decreases.
iv. Provides for the weight of the gas line to the wire with the chemical reaction. The loss is received.
v. Max is rough and dirty conductors glow.
Factors affecting corona: -
i. Atmosphere.
ii. Conductor size.
iii. Spacing between conductors.
iv. Line Voltage.
Advantages and Disadvantages of corona: -
Benefit
. The Flash - over the possibility of reduced and system performance is improved.
. This and other reasons caused lightning  reduce transient effect. It provides safety for the surgeon as the bulb .
Difficulty
. Provides the energy dissipation, or power loss, which affects the Transmission skills.
. Provides for the weight of gas (O3) is created. The loss of the metal parts.
. Bus bar   particularly damaging for the bodies. The general decrease in the discharge because switchgear  bus bar area.

. Disruptive of the relation for Disruptive critical voltage, Visual critical Voltage and Power loss due to corona: -
. Disruptive critical voltage: - Minimum phase - to – neutral voltage  bodies occur in the critical voltage Vc is the DISRUPTIVE.
Vc = mo go δ r loge D ÷ r kv / phase.
mo = irregularity factor
     = 1 for polished conductors
     = 0.98 to 0.92 for dirty conductors.
     = 0.87 to 0.8 for standard conductors.
 D = conductor spacing

  r = conductor radius
              go = wind dies - electric strength
                = 30 kv / cm (max) = 21.21 kv / cm (r.m.s.)
             δ = Air density factor = 3.92 b ÷ 273 + t
                = 1 standard condition
Corona power loss: - bodies that occur when light, heat, sound, and through chemical reactions are always some energy loss. It provides the power loss.
P = {242.2 (f +25 ÷ δ) √ r ÷ √ D (V-Vc) ² × 10 ¯ 5} kw / km / ph
Where

           p = bodies found in Los Angeles
           f = supply frequency in (Hz)
          V = face to neutral voltage (r.m.s.)
DISRUPTIVE Vc = voltage / phase (r.m.s.)
Good weather is a 132 kv line corona loss 0.6 kw / km / ph. But the weather - rain, when it increased to 5/6 times it is. The 400 kv double circuit line, almost double the loss of 10/12 times.
Methods for minimizing corona: - 66 kv or big voltage provides the intense effect. Of the hands for protection from sub-stations of 66 kv high voltage equipment and bus-bar  rating is determined. Ways provides the following effects can be reduced: -
1. By increasing conductor Size: - overhead line ACSR of using a relatively coarse.
2. By increasing conductor spacing: - If the conductor spacing provides increased voltage increases. It provides reduced effect. However, the conductor spacing should be increased to not more so. So that the support structure, such as - Cross - arm, support, and cost increases.
Solved problems on power loss due to corona:
1. 3-φ line 132 kv, 50Hz transmission line conductors 3 meter interval between  is 2.5km, but standard conductors per km of line in determining the tax bodies in corona Loss.
Answer: - 3-φ line 132 kv standard conductors
r = 2.5 cm, D = 3 cm, t = 60 º, b = 90cm
corona loss P =?
We know,
  P = {242.2 (f +25 ÷ δ) √ r ÷ √ D (V-Vc) ² × 10 ¯ 5} kw / km / ph
Here
             δ = Air density factor = 3.92 b ÷ 273 + t
                                 = 3.92 × 90 ÷ 273 + 60
                                                  = 1.06
go = wind dies - and the electric strength irregularity factor, respectively
    go = 21.21 kv / cm (r.m.s.)
    mo = 0.85 standard conductors
DISRUPTIVE critical voltage / phase, Vc = mo go δ r loge D ÷ r kv
                                     = 0.85 × 21.2 × 1.06 × 2.5 loge (300 ÷ 2.5)
Supply voltage / phase V = 132 ÷ √ 3 = 76.21 kv
Power loss  
  P = {242.2 (f +25 ÷ δ) √ r ÷ √ D (V-Vc) ² × 10 ¯ 5}
 P = 242.2 (50 +25 ÷ 1.06) √ 2.5 ÷ √ 300 (76.21-228.61) ² × 10 ¯ 5
  = 363.33 kw / km / phase
Per km line total 3-φ corona loss
= 3 × 363.33
= 1090 kw (Ans.)

             

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