Conductive and conductive materials

           

                              Conductive and conductive materials.

Electric Power Transmission and Updated for the cable or overhead line distribution may be applied to both systems. The installment cost, considering the remote area of ​​all protected from the load center line insulation Power Transmission priority given to the overhead line.
Updated some of the accomplishments and benefits of overhead cabals very difficult to know. Transmission and distribution some kinds conductor without being used, namely: -
• Copper
• Aluminium.
• steel cored alumumium or A.C.S.R.
• Galvanized steel conductor
In addition, there are also such as phosphorous, bronze, copper clad, cadmium copper  etc.
Materials conductor properties: -
• High power Conductive  be prevented, which is relatively low.
• mechanical stress will be tensile strength should be high enough.
• It may be difficult and flexible. Should not be brittle.
• High short circuit produced by the additional heat that must be high melting point may be facing.
• the air pressure and the wire size should have sag  sustainable levels.
• If the conductive material is black.
• Humidity and moisture and rust proof  must be required.
• The sale will be sustainable and scraps.

But more than-

              Specific resistance.

              Specific weight.

              Temperature co-efficient of resistances.

              Young’s modulus.

              Ultimate tensile strength.
Copper, Aluminium, A.C.S.R. Comparative characteristics of cable: -
1.Copper: -

• Hard-drain copper conductor tensile strength too.
• It is less lustrous than conductive. So Support on the low pressure.
• Life span  much more.
• The weight of more than Aluminium.
2. Aluminium: -
• Lighter weight and price are cheaper than copper.
• copper and less than conductive someone’s resistance  1.7 times more fat and pecan difficult.
• Short circuit in the cable melting point less likely to have lost.
• Copper or A.C.S.R. tension bearing capacity of less than.
• provides a high voltage power produced in corona loser less than copper.
3. A.C.S.R (Aluminium conductor with steel Re-inforcedment): -
• This is relatively thick compared to other cable resistance the same.
• Corona loss is less than the bodies. However, strong support is needed for a particular Span.
• Weight of tensile more strength.
• Sag less use of long span. The tower height is reduced proportionally.
4. Galvanized steel conductor: -
• The conductive less.
• Internal reactance more.
• Current and Hystersis Loss for more than Eddy current.
• wet weather rust on the wire. This cable is not used.
             

N.B:- Please do not forget to comment…

Head Over to Electric Line Support

Electric power of the conductive wire through the production center to be a long long way in 250 k.m. than high way patrol at the receiver end of the back, the only vehicles on-line support. Transport and variability, the location of the line to support it wood, concrete, or steel towers may be.

 Main components part of the overhead line:

1. Support:- Pole, Tower, etc., which depends on the size and height of the processing voltage. Safe distance from the ground up Supports conductor hold. Generally, the wood in the poll - Type I - Type-H - the type. Steel poll in tubular type, rail poll, etc. role steel joint. Poll of the concrete R.C.C. Poll, P.C.C. Use the poll. And latish steel tower. Wooden poll for the L.T. Distribution   line 400 V / 300 V are used to 11KV line. This is very useful for distance  up to

50 m span. Polls are around 6m-15m. Steel poll up to the L.T. line 11 KV -33KV line. A long span of 160 m up to 132 KV transmission line for the rest of the type used in the poll. Support line is replaced by criteria: - 

a. High mechanical stress bearing capacity will be, 

b. will be much cheaper price, maintenance costs will be lower,

c. and lighter weight will be error free, 

d. will be the long-standing, should be interesting things to see.

2. Cross - arm and clamp:- angle sections of steel or wood with a cross bolt nuts arms poll of the head is blocked. Cross - the arm with the clasp.

3. Insulator:- china or glass of varying voltage generated insulators  behead the systems, pin type , shackle or spool insulator, strain, suspension insulator , Egg or guy insulator  etc. are of various types. It is generally conductor - to - conductor, conductor - to - Earth insulation provide.

4. Guys and stays:- Stays poll over his use of the guys and the Insulator.

5. Conductor:- copper, Aluminium, or A.C.S.R Through a line of electric coductor power one place to another must be in place.

6.  Lighting  arrestors:- Lightning induced additional voltage  to protect the line.

7.  Fuses and Isolating switches: They are different parts of the overhead system, the network can be isolated if necessary.

8. Continuous earth wire:- Tower or the poll is over the top of the line along the entire Earth trait. The unusual circumstances created by the additional voltage  Discharge line to protect the soil easily.

9. Guard wire:- When a power line, telephone or telegraph line crossing, and then find the line that connects the top and bottom of the Earth Wire is used to guard.

10. Bird guards:- it is created on the side of the saw teeth as long ebonite basest plate, which is a cross - is prevented in the presence of arm insulator. The birds of hokier cross - in the arm and conductor Flash - Over in the  out .

11. Vibration damper:- vibration damper  dimple shape in the presence of these lines connect to the poll, that tremble down the line. The air flow through the conductor is conductor vibration, the vibration is. The pressure on the conductor in the conductor can be read off tear. The best way to protect against damage from vibration induced arms rod is used. Bates is one of the Stock Bridge damper .The shaking intensity is used to prevent damper betas.

12. Jumpers:- jumpers connection is connected via the two conductor. Nevertheless, as part of the phase plate, Danger plate, Barbed wire, Cradle guard. Etc.

Q. What is the cradle guard ? Where is the use?

Ans:- Head over to his line - where the roads, rail lines, or building on the trail, there are safety devices used not only for safety. After his off tear it down at all, so that people do not readit, so that the bottom line is earthed cradle Guard.

Telecommunication lines in the repair and look after all the time. The line between Telecommunication riper  security guard earthed cradle guard used.

Power factor of the Bangladesh Power Development

                                Power factor of the Bangladesh Power Development
We know, and now the actual available power within the meaning cosigner standards. However, there is no factor × kW. Therefore, the lower will be available for the same kW power supply, the machine, K.V.A the rating will be more. The machine will need a large size, small wonder that burden. Also increase the power factor of less than line voltage drop. Supply Authority to supply the customer s specific voltage, otherwise the customer demand for the relatively large size of the voltage regulator is required.
Transmission lines cross the wire increases. Low power factor due to the electrical machine and other equipment of the establishment, preservation and management of cost increases. This is more than Tarps  charged. Therefore, the benefit of a high power factor is -
. Who provided the station(kVAR) is less than its value. Other amounts (kW) power production and distribution system that supplies the electrical machine and other equipment to ensure the maximum use.
. Transmission line power factor is less than a high current flow. Transmission efficiency increases and the line is less than Loss.
. Conductive copper saving is so beautiful compared to s.
. The higher the power factor value, the line will be to improve regulations.
Power Factor is used to upgrade to it that all equipments -
1. High Power Factor  motor.
2.  phase Advancer.
3. Capacitor static.
4. Capacitor booster.
5. Synchronous Condenser.
The most economic power factor: - When a customer to upgrade the power factor, the maximum kVA demand charge savings are. Power factor for the development of additional capital investment for equipment and to install it. Therefore additional customer interest and depreciation on capital invested per year, is to bear.
Therefore, net annual saving = annual saving - annual expenditure for pf correcting equipment.
The most cost effective P, F, refers to - "The value to which the power factor should be improved so as to have maximum net annual saving is known as most economical power factor.''
                                                                        N.B:-Next blog see you leter

Power develop of Bangladeshi 2012 (Various aspects of the system loss)

                                                    Various aspects of the system loss
 

 Economic use of generating electricity in the country - and social unnanera criteria are considered. More power to the country's rich, he is a country that is less than the cost per unit of electricity and the country is improving. Thus, any country's economy is one of the indicators, as can be seen current.

  Electrical system and overall planning, control and management, use and constitutional issues, etc., power  based on loss or system loss.
Interpretation of system loss
Loss due to self expenditure within the power station, transport waste produced by the wire in the center of the I ² R regisistance other types of devices used technical ebat – non-technical electrice power dissipation is due to the loss of the system. 

Total generating power -

 For example - the total generating power - the total is used for energy
                                                The total generating power

It is well recognized arntajatikabhabe. When they reach excessive levels, they are opposed to submission kanjumara or subscribe to the service provider not state officials are annoying. Thus, significant progress on lasera. I,E,B tebyulesana Los Angeles system, 9.20% mature in 2002 and Japan in Bangladesh, China published a letter by 39.00%, the country was 12.34% system loss, 11.25% to 22.75%, and in Pakistan is 25.75%.
This system is internationally recognized Los Angeles (5%), wait about 5 - 8 times. Lasera mulyamana current 01% state-owned financial system as if it is 22 million. However, the system per year losses lasera (40 *22 ) = 880 million is about. Thus, system loss or adverse effect on the economy, it is clear.
System loss factor in
Generally, the system losses 2 kinds of divided as follows: - 1. Technical loss. 2. Non-technical.
Due to technical harmonization 1.Loss: -
A Ohamic loss to transport line
B, Loss due to used equipements.
C. Interconnected  network loss.
D. Loss due to feeding arrangment.
E.. Loss due to self expenditure within the power station.

A Ohamic loss to transport lines: - enough kyacamenta area or fuel (oil / gas), the relative strength of the center is usually the most populous area of ​​the load center will be installed in remote areas, however, a certain amount and the power line induced prevention sarbaksanika reduction (3 - ¢ loss = 3 I R ²) was. 5% of the total loss.
B, Loss due to used equipements: - electricity, transport, and share Transformer used, the switch unit giyara rejistyansa apacayake other control nijesba induced attenuation of the equipment. Power dissipation is not a new machine.
C. Interconnected  network loss: - customer network size and facilities, long Interconnected  system can be less or more depending on the end of Los production center. However, more complex and large system size interconnected  Loss comparing
D. Loss due to feeding arrangment: - Interconnected system depends on feeder line connections. For example, for HT than feeders Loss than feeders LT.Generally, interconnection, system, and the lack of 2-induced feeding system is limited to 3%.
                                E.. Loss due to self expenditure within the power station: - the state's power centers phidwater pump, battery charge etc security center of power for a very  under as the cost of maintenance of equipment to manage a variety of accessories.ours center of power loss is about 7%. Therefore, energy management in a developing country, total technical loss of all is 19 - 25%.
2.Loss due to non- technical consistence: - There is a system that technical lasake underdeveloped countries or developing countries, but less important because of the technical system loss lasera responsible for most, but not akarigari. Akarigari lasera home, industrial organization, urban slums and pradhana populated areas - trade, home is the primary source. Illegal connections, kanajampasana Los Angeles, Los billing, collection loss, etc. - that are caused by the loss of akarigari tahacche.
Measures / systems to reduce losses
: Ways to reduce technical losses
1. Production centers can be used to repair the damaged unit is yatadruta.
2. Bustar transformer or voltage line can be used to transmissiom reguletar develope.
3. All Modern technology  interconnection network and the feeding management.
4. Grid old sub station  transformer , switch giyara, other controling equipments change it.
5. Madhyame local demand for small plants to fill up.
6. Improve power factor. In particular, high-performance motor power factor, phase advencer, stable capacetance, capacetance sincronige condencer  bustar and equipment used.
Ways to reduce non techical losses: -
1. Illegal power connections to find you and will take part paralei local connection.
2. Law through illegal connections will be provided to persons with severe punishment.
3. The new meters will be deployed badaliye bad meters.
4. Through the development of computer networks and billing systems.
5. Dirstribution system using advanced technology. Inasulesana line of bare wire cable used on the head.
6. Individuals and to remove all evil with the power to allocate the officers and employees are honest and competent officers.
7. Administrative infrastructure overhaul.


N,B : - for the next blog to find out what power factor? I thought the overhead line.

                                                    E-mail:-  Sohel.jewels@gmail.com

International system of Power Developments Part :-2

Comparison between International AC and DC transmission:

A.C Transmission	D.C Transmission
1. Three of his needs, and costs more than copper.	1. Two of his eyes. Arthin paribahiteo niutrala as the one found in tryansamit. The savings are more than copper.
2. Inductens, capasitens, power factor and the effect of current  surgeon.	2. Inductens, capasitens, power factor and the surgeon there is no response.
3. Current skin effect.	3. No skin effect.
4. Inasulation Electrical stress on the need for more haoyate inasulation is relatively high.	4. Inasulation on the electric a.c. Sira more than 1.414 times. It takes less inasulation.
5. Charging current is induced attenuation. Or even no - load conditions.	5. Charging current is induced attenuation.
6. Communication lines are produced by the surrounding bodies, and the disruption and loss.	6. Communication lines are very low and the waste produced by the surrounding bodies and less disruptive.
7. More pressure on the electrical inasulation dioxide - more than an electric lasao.	7. Less pressure on the electrical inasulation dioxide - electric lasao less.
8. Voltage regulation is demoted.	8. Voltage quality of the Regulation.
9. Transmission styabilaijarer long line needs.	9. I do not need long transmission styabilaijarer line.

Comparison between International overhead and underground transmission and distribution 

system:

Overhead system	Underground system
1.Overhead line, usually wood, concrete or Steal taoyare inasuletar madhyame fitting the poll.	1. Underground cable  through the bottom of the soil generally kanduit or go through the trench.
2.Poll at the top of the line placement is likely to take so transformer accident.	2.Platforms are installed in the indoor accident likely will not.
3.Compared a low initial cost.	3.The initial cost is too high compared.
4.Power line extension, or change it.	4.Manhole, daktc etc. are permanently installed. This change is not a chance.  Erajanya putting a new line to change it.
5. Errors likely.	5.The probability of error of less than the underground trench.
6.Line, a simple error detection and repair.	6.Line error detection  and repair is not easy for  many of the complex.
7.The distance between the line condutor spacing more than  inductance line. Thus, the voltage drops too.	7.The distance between the line condutor spacing inductance less than  line. The voltage drop is less.
8.The distance between the line of condutor  capactance and carjim current amount is less than  line.	8.The distance between the line condutor  less than the amount of the current line capactance and carjim.
9.Any object or vegetation on his line of thunderstorms and the details of power supply interruption.	9.Effects of Lightning, and dropdown objects. The interruption of power supply and not.
10.Measures to prevent the serge voltage.	10.Serge voltage cable sith exploitation of the mineral.
11Open space through the conductive line is, this is the beauty of the city.	11.beauty occurs due to underground cable line.
12.Distribution line, electricity theft through illegal connections are.	12. A person may not, without proper authority others hand.
13.Any object or vegetation on his line of thunderstorms and the details of power supply interruption.	13. Effects of Lightning, and dropdown objects. The interruption of power supply and not.

Advantages of High Voltage transmission over Low Voltage transmission:
1.Transmission  efficiency increases for low-end line of the Los.
2.Line is the line voltage drop is less than the standard outlets. The voltage regulation is very advanced.
3.Metarial transmission voltage conductor size vary, so if you have more than transmission voltage value is less than the cost of copper.

 Overhead Transmission Line


Underground Transmission Line

More high transmission voltage limitation:
If the electrical power supply in case of more high bholteje is some difficulty. Such as -
1. Trnsmission voltage will be more, much more than line inasulession manao. This line will support the costs.
2. Ground clearence and conductor spacing should be greater. Increase in size proportional to the cross-arm and the Tower.
3. Transmission voltage will be more, so size will transformer and other control equipment. Thus, increasing the power supply voltage and power loss is less than the cost of the Rising copper, but the cost of increased transmis. So consider all aspects of the supply voltage value is increased to a certain limit mold, so that the overall profit of the whole system.
Comparing the cost of conductor of different overhead system:
a. For each method of transport (P watts) is equal.
b. For each method transmission line spacing (L meter) level.
c. For each method of waste (W watts) is equal.
d. Conductor and the Earth in every way, the maximum voltage (Vm volts) are equal.
      
COULD I will now discuss the theory person tahacech:

                              Lord kelvin

 Expression for the most economic size of conductor by Kelvin's law:

It's the first well-known scientist Lord kelvin most economical conductor size of 1881 for a diagnosis of a species stated. His opinion, the annual cost of a transmission lines that cross the minimum required to keep, he will be the most economical prasthacchedai. In other words, let's look a little differently presented, “The most economical area of ​​conductor is that for which the variable part of annual charge is equal to the cost of energy losses per year”. Here is a portion of the total line transmission two namely: 

1. Annual cost of energy wasted.

2. Annual charge on capital outlay.

Annual charge on capital outlay:
Expenditure as a transmission line all most installation, cost and construction cost of the initial cost of conductor saport and inasuletar annual interest and depreciation value. The line of cases, the overhead cost Constant Insulator-conductor cable cross section depends on the cost. Therefore, obhabaheda transmission line is expressed as an annual charge .
Annual interest and depreciation = TK. (P1 + P2A) ... ... .. 1
 P1 and P2 and A certain number of conductor area.
Annual cost of energy wasted.:
I ² R loss conductar current induced energy dissipation. The Constant Current flow lines during the whole year is wasted energy produced by the conductor regisistance. The conductor area regisistance vary, so the overhead line, the annual apacayake      

        transmission are expressed as: annual energy produced by waste Costs = TK.Q / A ... .. 11
Q is another real number.
Year total financial loss, = L = TK. {(P1 + P2) + Q / A} ... .. 111
The dL / dA = 0, then this loss will be less than the amount most.
dL / dA = d / dA (P1 + PA + Q / A)
= P-Q / A ²
Minimum financial losses from overhead power lines transmission
0 = P-Q / A ² or PA = Q / A
or
variable part of annual charge = Annual cost of energy wested.

                  A = √ Q / P ... ... IV


N.B:- we can find out the next blog different aspects of system loss. I am an engineer, so you can collect various power plante information is all about. Next week you can also learn new things.

Power develop of Bangladeshi 2012

Description: - Bangladesh is a developing country, an independent rastr. Populous nagarayanera this country as well as the evolution of the Internet and leave the industrial revolution, tathana to increased demand for electricity was thirteen. Save the cost of the gigantic power of energy production. To meet the growing power of energy fuels (oil, gas, coal and water), became a big get-rich areas of the station. current products cheaply and confidant of the entire electrical system to reach the receiver end of the back under a common network. This network will be divided anse. For example - 1. Transmission. 2. The distribution.
Transmission and distribution of electrical energy: - Production of a residential building in the center of a large network to use the power and reach of the conductive wire. Be loaded in the center of power production, transport tryansamisana samuhe sentarastha epicenter epicenter of the receiver end of the line, distribution lines for electricity distribution is broad. Generally, the overhead / underground system is. AC or DC, any method of electric power Transmission and distribausana may be. It is now at. C. Generation and Transmission for 3 - phase, 3 -wire, and distribution for 3 - phase, 4-wire of his way to a universal mere system become .
Transmission line - to be sent to the production center to the edge of the high-power sub-station for sending that the vast electronic network use, he said Transmission line. More than a single circuit or double circuit line to transport Transmission used. The operating voltage is as 2kinds Transmission line. Namely - 1. Primary Transmission: 30 Kv, 132kv.
2. Secondary Transmission: 66 Kv, 33 Kv.
Distribution line - the sub-station to the customer side (residential buildings, industrial factories, commercial areas), electricity for distribution to the electrical network is used, the distribausana line publications. The operating voltage as a distribution line 2kinds it. Namely - 1. The primary distribution:- 11 Kv, 6. 6 kv
2.Secondary distribution :- 400 V, 30 V.
Low - voltage or secondary re-1 distribution system.feeder, and. If you put these three bhagebhaga distribiutar and services.feeder can not supply directly to any kanjumar. Tappin up the main services provided through distribiutare kanjumar have.

 Feeder, distribiuta, service to Maine's description: - phidara-populated areas in connection with Generating Station is the coordinator of the coarse paribahike phidara.'s Main feature is that customers have the power to reach. Along the entire length of the fixed value of the electrical outlets. Because it is based on the current transport capacity is phidara dijaina.
Distribiutara: distribiutara to the customer's power supply is different Tappin. Due to the various outlets along the length of stay distribiutarera Tappin. However, the voltage drop of 6% over distribiutarera should not.
Service Maine: Maine is usually glossy conductive special services, which also have electric connections. It is not feeder, distribiutarera directly connected.